How we review
- Identify the issuer and security using ISIN, ticker and exchange.
- Align reporting periods, metric definitions and one-off effects.
- Check cash flow, financing and segment risks against published filings.
Stock analysis focused on business model, cash flow and balance sheet
Review a stock’s business model, cash flow, debt and balance sheet risks. Includes a ratio calculator and research reports from €45.
How do I identify financial risks in a stock?
Compare earnings, operating cash flow and funding over time. Focus on recurring cash generation, debt maturities and the business model behind the figures. Positive earnings alone do not show how well the company can meet its obligations.
Typical risk factors
- Heavy refinancing requirements and near-term maturities.
- Earnings growth without matching cash inflows.
- Dependence on major customers, single markets or one product line.
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Calculate net debt to EBITDA
Net debt ÷ trailing twelve months EBITDA. Use the same currency and consistent definitions.
A negative result indicates net cash here. The ratio is not meaningful for EBITDA of zero or below.
Calculated from your inputs only. No automatic data retrieval or investment score.
How the research score is built
- Cash flow and earnings quality30 %
- Balance sheet and funding30 %
- Business model and concentration25 %
- Disclosure and governance15 %
We rate documented characteristics in each criterion from 0 to 100. 0 means weak, 50 means mixed and 100 means strong. The research score is the sum of each rating × its weight, divided by 100.
The risk score uses its own scale from 0 for low to 100 for substantial evidenced risk. Evidence coverage is the sum of weights for criteria with sufficient evidence. While any criterion remains unresolved, we show the gap and withhold the overall score.
See the fictional score demonstrationResearch packages and scope
Indicative one-time prices refer to the standard scope shown when sufficient data is available. For more complex work, we agree a custom quote first.
BASIC RISK SNAPSHOT™
One issuer and one question using available filings.
45 €indicative price per report
- Brief profile and key risk factors
- Relevant metrics with data dates
- Source list and open questions
PRO INVESTOR INTELLIGENCE™
Deeper coverage of cash flow, funding and one relevant benchmark.
95 €indicative price per report
- Everything in Basic
- Asset-class-specific metrics and risk matrix
- One benchmark where reliable data is available
PREMIUM DEEP RESEARCH™
Cross-check key balance sheet claims and review up to three qualitative business scenarios.
195 €indicative price per report
- Everything in Pro
- Deeper cross-checks of key claims and an evidence matrix
- Up to three qualitative scenarios with assumptions and open risks
Frequently asked questions
Which identifier should I provide?
An ISIN usually identifies the security. With a ticker, add the exchange and share class.
Why do profit and cash flow differ?
Profit includes accruals. Cash flow tracks cash movements and can be affected by receivables or inventory.
Is net debt to EBITDA meaningful for every stock?
Other measures are often more suitable with negative EBITDA or for businesses such as banks. The analysis explains metric choices for the business model.
Which filings are used?
Typical sources include annual and interim reports, required disclosures and notes to material balance sheet items.
Does the report include a price target?
The standard report describes metrics, risks and documented scenario assumptions. Personal recommendations and price targets are outside scope.
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What would you like to check next?
How do individual stocks differ from funds?How do I structure my research question?Why is profit different from cash flow?
Source profile · Apple Inc. Stock Research Sources and data dates
These sources are starting points. Reports document the evidence actually used and its date, with missing or conflicting data shown separately.
Full research methodologyRESEARCH BRIEFING
Request a research report
Describe the subject and your research question. After reviewing data availability, we confirm the scope, price and delivery date.
Free and without obligationIndependent research without personal investment recommendations